What Are Truffles and Why Are They So Expensive?

Truffles are highly prized in the culinary world, and they’re sought after for their unique flavor and aroma. These rare fungi have captured the attention of chefs and food enthusiasts alike, and it’s not uncommon to see “truffle” on a menu next to fries or pasta. While this ingredient adds an element of luxury to any dish, it’s also accompanied by a hefty price tag. So what are truffles, and why are they so darn expensive?

What Is a Truffle?

Truffles are the edible spores that grow on subterranean fungi. They’re similar to mushrooms, but they have an important distinction. Both belong to the kingdom Fungi, but mushrooms grow above ground. Truffles belong to the family Tuberaceae, and these tubers grow underground in the dark. Truffles are a rare delicacy because they’re difficult to source. It’s hard to spot a truffle with the human eye, so they’re typically harvested using the assistance of pigs or dogs trained to sniff out these aromatic spores.

There are several different truffle species. The most well-known species are winter white, winter black, muscat black, musky black, Chinese black, Himalayan black, summer black, autumn black and white truffles. There are more varieties and sub-varieties, but some truffles don’t taste as good.

What are black truffles?

Black truffles are more available than white truffles, making them generally less expensive. This more-affordable variety has a longer season, are freezable and are less-rare than other kinds. Their flavor and aroma is typically described as earthy and musky, and some people find them reminiscent of garlic. Unlike white truffles, which are best served raw, black truffles intensify when cooked. You’ll find them in dishes like mushroom risotto or other saucy dishes, and they’re also fantastic for making compound butter.

What are white truffles?

White truffles are more rare and they’re mainly found in northern Italy, particularly in the Piedmont region. They also have a short season and don’t freeze well. These truffles pack a seriously flavorful punch, carrying more of a pungent garlic-shallot flavor and aroma and finish with a delicate but complex flavor profile. Put it all together, and European white truffles can sell for as much as $3,600 a pound, according to 60 Minutes.

It’s best to experience white truffles raw, so you’ll find them shaved as a finishing element for dishes ranging from pasta and meat to eggs and creamy vegetables like mashed potatoes.

What is truffle oil?

Liudmila Chernetska/Getty Images

Truffle oil is made by infusing olive oil or another neutral oil with the aroma and flavor of truffles. Truffle oil is not well-liked by professional chefs because it’s not usually made from actual truffles. Rather, it uses artificial or synthetic flavorings that mimic the aroma of truffles. A little goes a long way, and it can be overpowering if you use too much. It’s best used as a finishing oil for dishes like crispy baked french fries, or you can use it as a flavoring to make instant mashed potatoes better.

What Do Truffles Taste Like?

Truffles have a complex flavor profile that can be difficult to describe. People usually say truffles’ flavor is umami-like or moldy, in a good way. They’re earthy, musky and slightly pungent with hints of allium flavor and a nutty vibe. The taste of truffles can vary depending on the type and maturity, but overall, they augment the flavor of regular dishes and take them to the next level.

Unfortunately, the magic doesn’t last forever. The longer they’re out of the ground, the quicker truffles lose their signature smell and flavor.

Why Are Truffles So Expensive?

Truffles are expensive for a few reasons. First, they aren’t something people can easily plant, farm or harvest—they’re wild and picky about where they grow. They also grow slowly (some reports say it takes four to six years for some types of truffles to grow!), have short seasons and don’t last long once out of the ground.

Additionally, actually finding them is no easy feat. Truffle “hunters” rely on animals with great senses of smell to help find truffles. As truffles mature, they naturally release smelly compounds, attracting animals like pigs, the New York Times reports. This could be a problem, however, since these swine might also eat the precious truffles. That’s why hunters also train dogs to find truffles. Once a patch is identified, digging up truffles without damaging the precious tubers is a labor-intensive process.

If you’re lucky enough to enjoy a real truffle, savor the moment!